The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay Shamanism is an immense factor in most conventional religions, some of which incorporate the Africans, Native Americans, numerous pieces of Asia, just as different societies. Despite the fact that the meaning of a shaman contrasts starting with one district then onto the next, the general word reference meaning of a shaman is An individual from certain inborn social orders who goes about as a medium between the noticeable world and an imperceptible soul world and who rehearses enchantment or magic for motivations behind mending, divination, and command over normal occasions. The term shaman started in the Mongol and Turkish territory and is interpreted actually as one who realizes which associates with their insight into the approaches to control spirits and enchantment. With Shamanism being engaged with such huge numbers of various societies, its hard to give it only one definition, so in this paper I will experience a couple of the way of life and clarify their particular meaning o f shamanism and the various viewpoints associated with African conventional religions. African Shamanism There are various viewpoints to African shamanism. The primary meaning of shamanism in Africa has a decent implication and as a rule includes control of spirits or natural substances to recuperate, direct, or accomplish helpful work for other people. A portion of the particular names of these shamans are rainmakers or paradise herders, botanists or medication men, and soothsayers. Not all individuals utilize their hotspots for acts of kindness, and when a shaman starts utilizing their strategies for insidious doings, they at that point get the name of witch or alchemist. Such is the situation in most different societies also. There are two particular customary religions in Africa-Zulu and Yoruba. They have numerous likenesses just as contrasts. The Zulu stick generally to the slopes in light of their geological area, and thus think about slopes to have profound importance. Since slopes have such extraordinary importance, the Zulu fabricate their towns, or kraals, on the slopes in a round development with the entryways confronting east (do to criticalness of the sun), the crowd in the focal point of the kraal, and the headman, known as the umnumzane, is on the west side of the kraal. The umnumzane affects the clan. He holds the political, social and strict pioneer jobs over the entire clan, and is regularly a seer. The headman of every Zulu kraal is the central authority of the town and furthermore that individual most straightforwardly answerable for the exhibition of the ceremonial demonstrations expected of all Zulu, particularly those that address the ancestors. [1] Besides unraveling questions or settling on choices inside his kraal, one of the umnumzanes fundamental jobs is contact with the precursors. He will play out all the ceremonies and such things to satisfy the precursors for everybody inside his kraal. The predecessors have a gigantic influence in Zulu convictions thus the job of the umnumzane is significant. The individuals need to keep the precursors upbeat with the goal that they will keep on having favorable luck in their lives. As per most African customary religions, the precursors don't cause incident, yet others do. The position framework is very comparable in the Yoruba clans. Their political, social and strict pioneer is indeed the very same, yet rather than having a settlement on a slope where the customs include the entirety of the network under one pioneer, the strict commitments are put on the leader of the family, or the olori ebi, and that individual does the correspondence with the progenitors, and keeps them cheerful and such. Every family has its own place of worship. The people group despite everything gets all together to perform strict services, however it is progressively centered around the family. Divination is utilized to decide answers for issues, to portray reasons of mishap, or even to foresee what's to come. In the Zulu culture, seers must be called by methods for a fantasy or vision that is trailed by hurts, torments, or other substantial dysfunctions. Anybody can turn into a seer, albeit regularly ladies involve the position. Once called, the individual should be prepared by an accomplished seer. The Yoruba are somewhat extraordinary with their seer. They have a consecrated cast, and one piece of the position called the Orunmila explicitly use divination practices to reach one specific god for answers. Like the Zulu however, the one that will end up being a soothsayer will experience broad preparing from an accomplished seer. Soothsayers in the two conditions have numerous methods for accomplishing their work. They can utilize components, for example, water, fire, bones, sticks, and so forth to discover their answers, and with these items, they have made methods for deciphering the signs from each. In certain conditions, the seers will permit themselves to be in a stupor that permits them to speak with the spirits, or even be controlled by the spirits so as to discover the solutions for their customers, however normally the seers are the ones controlling the spirits and getting their insight instead of being utilized by the spirits. When individuals have figured out what their concern is from the soothsayer, they at that point go to a botanist for a cure. Cultivators could without much of a stretch be meant specialists and serve a similar job in both the Zulu and Yoruba. They were prepared to know well which herbs or cures worked for the various conditions. Some portion of the customary religions is that spirits live in a large number of the nature components, thus cultivators utilized this religious philosophy in their functions also. They would utilize certain plants or areas in view of the otherworldly components included, and would control the spirits in such a manner to fix their customer. Though most seers are ladies, most cultivators are men. Information on medication is typically passed on from father to son. [2] Along with the passed on information, cultivators were consistently open to new data. This incorporates reasonable data, just as profound bits of knowledge. Another type of soul control in the Zulu is the izinyanga ezulu, or paradise herders. Paradise herders are consistently men, and must be brought somehow or another by the Sky God. Their responsibility is to control where storms and such go. They are supposed to be followers of the Sky God, just as a medium between the individuals and the Sky God. With steers and horticulture being a tremendous piece of the Zulu culture, it bodes well that the sky is taken care of as steers may be, and that the climate should be controlled for the individuals who own raise harvests to take care of the individuals. The Yoruba hold no such position, in spite of the fact that they do likewise venerate a comparable god with their religious cast. They (soothsayers) are by all account not the only powerfully enlivened assistants individuals go to for exhortation. Numerous consuld mediums who speak with spirits while in a daze. Some might be had just a single time or twice in the course of their life, yet others guarantee to be in standard contact with at least one familiars that they can distinguish by name. [3] The Yoruba called these individuals elegun. Among the Zulu, just the seer could do such, yet the with the Yoruba, anybody could be utilized as a medium; they didn't should be a soothsayer. The Yoruba additionally have individuals that are known as the egungun. The egungun are conceal artists that perform for the progenitors. They have exceptional covers that are associated profoundly to the predecessors and are said to have incredible force. Just men are permitted to be egungun, except for one lady, who is the chief or dresser. One needs to gain the title of egungun by experiencing a specific procedure. While the majority of those positions are exceptionally open to the general population or potentially the benefit of the network, a few people abuse their capacities. Such individuals are called witches or alchemists. Since the people groups accept that the spirits don't cause any damage, every terrible thing are probably an outcome from witches and magicians. As indicated by the Zulu, somebody could be a witch without acknowledging it. Their very nearness would carry hardship to everyone around them. Much of the time however, in both the Zulu and the Yoruba, the witches are shaman that utilization their gifts for underhanded. They wind the framework from utilizing their forces fiendishly. They work cryptically, and generally just at evenings. Albeit attempting to separate among witches and magicians is troublesome, there are a couple of little methods for contrasting them. Magicians will in general work alone where as witches will assemble around evening time and work as a group. Another alleged characteristic of alchemists is the capacity to shape-move. There one story of alchemist baiting a lady to become hopelessly enamored with him. He offered to wed her, and on their excursion back to his town the set up camp. During the night he changed into a lion so as to eat her. Fortunately for her, her sibling didn't confide in the man and tailed them, and continued to shield his sister from being eaten. Different stories recount alchemists assuming the type of an owl for methods for getting away from their home quietly and unwittingly. Another alleged attribute of alchemists is their capacity to utilize the undead. They can execute an individual utilizing their dark enchantment, and afterward utilize the people dead body for t heir own utilization. Witches are frequently portrayed as utilizing voodoo, charms and reviles. Voodoo includes securing a piece of somebody, for example, a hair, nail, or something to that effect, and it is added to a specific item that the witch makes. The piece of the individual associates them to the witches object, and the witch can play with the individual thusly. Charms could be an item that has been recited over and accused of enchantment. An appeal could be a bit of paper with a serenade composed on it that could be worn, or an appeal could essentially be a serenade itself utilized in snapshots of required security or other. Regularly, individuals would get charms to shield themselves from witches curses. The last primary concern that witches use is curses. Condemnations, hexes, spells, or whatever you may call them, have been a concern of normal individuals for longer than history can tell. Regularly it is a serenade said with feeling over an individual to welcome disaster on them. They can be c ommunicated in an obscure language,

Animal Experiments Ethics Controversy Essay

Trial In present-day society, creature tests are assuming an undeniably key job in our lives, and it is progressing at a stunning velocity. Its exploration results have totally transformed us. Be that as it may, meanwhile, the creature tests morals contention has started a lot of discussion. Numerous individuals imagine that for the endurance and advancement of people, creature tests are essential. While a few people contend that life of creatures and people are similarly significant, they are against any type of creature tests. In this paper, I will investigate two commonplace suppositions in regards to this issue. Persuading contentions can be said that creature tests are generally utilized in clinical research. In concentrates on examination and avoidance, human illnesses assume a gigantic job. To begin with the job of medication, utilizing creatures to test new medications could help in understanding the impacts and reactions of new medications. Accordingly, individuals don’t must be guineas pigs, and can stay away from the threats of being these guineas pigs. Additionally, creature tries in cloning human organs likewise have another forward leap. For example, individuals found that goats embedded with human immature microorganisms have blood and organs like DNA of people. In particular, its primary utilization is sustaining human organs in animals’ bodies. One day when individuals are harmed or debilitated, they will have the option to legitimately supplant organs. All the more critically, through creature tests, we can investigate the puzzles of human lives. As it were, controlling the human sicknesses and maturing, broadening the lives of people could be acknowledged by creature tests. Therefore, a few measurements show that biomedical research ventures with over 60% need to direct creature tests. There are numerous point looks into of creature analyzes that are troublesome. Following quite a while of research, creature tests have spared innumerable lives, and it will keep on sparing more lives. Convincing contentions can be made that creature tests assume a crucial significant job in numerous different fields of science. In any case, national guard and military science clearly depend on creature tests. As we probably am aware, the principal animal into space was not human, rather it was a pooch. Individuals did a great deal of examinations with the pooch in space, and in this way increased a ton of information. Sensors were utilized to screen her pulse, circulatory strain, and other substantial capacities to all the more likely see any physical changes that may happen in space. In the subsequent spot, agrarian science, utilizing creature tests is significant and important. Hence compound composts, pesticide buildup testing, and nature of food, is in the end decided through the employments of creature tests. To wrap things up, in the territory of light industry, people’s day by day necessities, particularly, the impacts of concoction items are investigated creatures to test for hurtful fixings. For example, before food added substances, hide items, beautifying agents, etc, organizations were required to lead creature trials to demonstrate they were not mischief to the human body. With the advancement of times, an ever increasing number of fields need creature tests. Possibly individuals haven’t saw, yet it has become a fundamental piece of people’s every day lives. It might be enticing to contend that creature tests are not reasonable. The principle purpose behind this is individuals think creatures and people have a similar fundamental endurance needs, and elevated levels of mental needs. Clearly, creatures and people have similar rights to live on the planet. We have to regard creatures, regard lives. Another explanation is a few people believe that creature tests are excessively savage. For instance, Draize eye bothering test is utilized to gauge the invigorating degree to natural eyes of specific items. Rabbit’s are constantly used to do this sort of test, since they don’t have tears. Individuals lock up these bunnies, open their eyes, and drop in the test substances. So as to get the best outcomes, individuals will be compelled to close their eyes. Also, after the examinations, all the hares will be murdered, regardless of whether they are sound or not. All things being equal, we ought not do this so as to spare creatures lives rather we should forfeit people’s lives. We can’t imprint creature tests, since it has a few deficiencies. I accept that before we locate a feasible other option, most of individuals would in any case bolster creature tests. In outline, I would yield that we ought to ensure animals’ rights and government assistance, attempt to diminish or stop creature tests. Regardless of that in the current degree of innovation, the presence of creature tests for the improvement of people is extremely fundamental. Generally, I am persuaded that we should utilize the best possible test structure, and information investigation strategies to diminish the utilization of test testing on creatures in the current conditions, and search for new choices effectively.

A Night to Remember COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A Night to Remember COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was written by Kristoffer Tangri, a second-year SIPA student from Germany pursuing a MIA degree with a concentration in International Security Policy. ____________________ It is the time of the year again where clueless first year students complain about their in boxes filling up with spam while second year students go on a ticket hunt from unsuspecting victims. Ask any recent SIPA graduate about their most cherished memory of their time at SIPA â€" it will be this very special night in spring â€" SIPA Follies. Dual degree students from around the world fly back to New York just for this event. For one night and night only, the International Affairs building will become the place where magic happens, friendships are being made and history is written. This year the night falls on April the 24th â€" three months from now and yet, preparations have already begun. Fundraiser parties are being organized; exotic dancers are cast around campus and members of a highly prestigious selection committee judge ideas and proposals by sanguine students. What makes this night so very special? Some say it is the beer that is flowing like water and others point to the fact that graduation time is near. As a Follies 2009 alumnus, however, I know that none of these points matter compared to the real reason this event has become legendary. Unfortunately, first year students have been spotted reading the admissions blog and I cannot risk unsettling the ticket market. You will need to wait until April 2011 to become part of this defining moment in a life as a SIPA student.   Song, dance, comedy, video, intrigue . . . this event has it all. Although videos make up only a fraction of the event itself, hopefully this video provides a taste of the festivities. Ever wandered what Year One at SIPA could look like?

The Roswell Incident Essay - 1371 Words

There are many movies about what happened that night on 4th July 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico. You may have seen the X-files, Unsolved Mysteries and some other films or series that talk about UFO’s, aliens and other mysteries connected with this event. However, to find truth is something not very easy to do such as there is a huge amount of conspiracy theories and we do not know which one is the real one, and what actually happened still remains a mystery. By doing this research, I want to find out the truth about what really happened and how has it changed society. The fact is, that Roswell incident really changed the opinion of society during time and people started to believe that aliens visit us and US government is trying to hide†¦show more content†¦He tried to burn them, scratch them with a knife and no marks appeared. He took some debris to show his neighbours and his son. Soon after that, he notified George A. Wilcox, who was the Chaves County sheriff and told him about his find. The authorities at Roswell Army Air Field Base were immediately contacted and Brazel was questioned and kept for a number of days. Apart from the wreckage which was found, there were three objects that were frequently mentioned. Three bodies when two were dead and one died in a couple of weeks. No one knows whether it is actually true, because it is determined only by several witnesses who claim to have seen the bodies. Some of these people turned out to be quite highly respected military officers. A few people say that the bodies were human and that they have been damaged by radiation. This radiation might have been caused, owing to nuclear weapons that Roswell Army Air Base had been tested, since they were at the time the only ones which could test nuclear weapons. On the other hand, this theory was discounted, because this kind of radiation would kill a human being long before such a massive deformation could occur. People blamed government with covering the whole event. They moved the wreckage to Dayton in Ohio, to avoid publicity and prevent from a worldwide panic. In 1995, a film called Alien Autopsy leaked and was presented as an autopsy of the body that was recoveredShow MoreRelatedThe Roswell Incident Essay1908 Words   |  8 PagesThe Roswell Incident Edward OÆBrien March 13, 1997 CP-11 Period 6 Outline Thesis: The Roswell Incident, which enlightened our minds to the capacity of excepting, has remained one of the most controversial issues issues today. I. Introduction to Extraterrestrials A. Standpoints on Extraterrestrials 1. Societys a. Past b. Present 2. Governments a. Past b. Present II. Roswell, New Mexico A. What Exactly HappenedRead More The Roswell Incident Essays973 Words   |  4 Pages The Roswell Incident: Fact, Fiction or Military Cover Up? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some time in July of 1947, a mysterious flying object zigzagged across the skies of New Mexico. Within twenty-four hours the object disappeared from radar just as mysteriously as it had appeared. It was last seen in a small town in the middle of the Arizona desert, it’s name, Roswell. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Roswell incident is one of the most publicized and well-known accounts of a possible UFO crashRead MoreEssay on The UFO Incident of Roswell, New Mexico917 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen around since the beginning of time. There is one incident in particular that really hits home when talking about the subject, the UFO incident of Roswell, New Mexico. Around June 25th, 1947 a pilot, Ken Arnold had reported strange objects in the sky while flying near Mt. Rainer, Washington. He stated that they flew like saucers being skipped over water. This was where the term Flying Saucers derived from. The Roswell UFO Incident all started on the evening of July 3, 1947, Dan WilmotRead MoreEssay on The Roswell Incident: Fact, Fiction or Military Cover Up1560 Words   |  7 PagesThe Roswell Incident, fact, fiction or military covers up There are many movies about what happened that night on 4th July 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico. You may have seen the X-files, Unsolved Mysteries and some other films or series that talk about UFO’s, aliens and other mysteries connected with this event. However, to find truth is something not very easy to do such as there is a huge amount of conspiracy theories and we do not know which one is the real one, and what actually happened still remainsRead MoreUFOs: The Roswell Mystery1933 Words   |  8 Pagesfacts that follow these mysterious encounters. One specific event that occurred at Roswell, New Mexico in 1947 has baffled theorists and experts for generations and will continue to leave a controversial standpoint on what really may have occurred. This occurrence in particular has left a lot of unanswered questions about extraterrestrial existence due to the fact that most of the evidence collected from the incident is to either to old to be a credible source or the government has covered up the evidenceRead MoreUfos Are Being Tested At Area 512099 Words   |  9 Pagesarea† (â€Å"1947 Roswell UFO Incident†). This article discuses Woody’s report on what he saw the night of the Roswell incident from the UFO crashing to discovering the wreckage. â€Å"Upon his return, Ramey wanted to see the exact location of the debris field†¦the wreckage that had been placed on the desk was gone and a weather balloon was spread out on the floor. Maj. Charles A. Cashon took the now-famous photo of Marcel with the weather balloon in Ramey s office† (â€Å"1947 Roswell UFO Incident†). Ramey goesRead More The Roswell Ufo Crash Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages The Roswell UFO Crash nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1947 a UFO was seen near the town of Roswell, New Mexico. It was witnessed by many of the residents and was described as something not of this planet. The government denies any evidence of this event occurring and has covered it up for may years. Now that more information has become available to the public, it is clear that something extraordinary happened. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The town of Roswell, New Mexico was the locationRead MoreUFOs Essay1996 Words   |  8 Pageseffects from these lights. Such as, blindness and in some cases burns that are very similar to a burn one may get from radiation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Roswell, NM has been known as one of the crash sights of a UFO and many have found an extraterrestrial. A farmer by the name of Mack Brazel was walking in a field near the town of Roswell, New Mexico in July of 1947 there he came across some strange silvery wreckage that was unlike anything he had ever seen. The material was very strong, but,Read MoreThe Day After Roswell By Philip J. Corso1259 Words   |  6 Pagesextraterrestrial from the Roswell incident in the book The Day After Roswell written by Col. Philip J. Corso (Ret.) with WIlliam J. Birnes. This book is quite the interesting read to say the least. Extraterrestrials, flying saucers, and â€Å"foreign technology† are some of the complications in Corso’s autobiography during his time in military intelligence working at The Pentagon. Corso describes everything between the events of a flying saucer crash that occurred in Roswell, NM. on July 4, 1947 to theRead MoreDo You Believe in Aliens? Essay example794 Words   |  4 Pagesthan they think we do. For example, On June 14th 1947 Roswell New Mexico became known for the Roswell UFO Incident. Years ago there was a UFO had crashed down. Rapidly, the Roswell Army was notified and intimately cleaned up. Afterwards word got out to the public and questions were being asked. To protect the people the government claimed there was not a UFO and that it was simply an air craft that had lost control. Days after the incident a local rancher by the name of William Brazel had found

Judicial Review - 2674 Words

Introduction The controversy of judicial review which at extreme points, is called judicial activism, is a concept new to India. Judicial review can be defined as the judiciary, in the exercise of its own independence, checking and cross checking the working of the other organs of the government, while trying to uphold the ideal of ‘the rule of law’. Judicial activism more reformist in character is often confused with judicial review. According to Black’s Law Dictionary, judicial activism is â€Å"a philosophy of judicial decision-making whereby judges allow their personal views about public policy, among other factors, to guide their decisions, usually with the suggestion that adherents of this philosophy tend to find constitutional†¦show more content†¦The first sporadic effort to incorporate the power of judicial review was in Germany in 1848. However, it took till 1920 when the first serious attempt was made in Australia to make judicial review a reality. T he European Union, in present times, also provides for judicial review in the European Court of Justice. Many countries like Germany also have strong Supreme Courts which reflect public opinion and can review laws.5 Most civilian law countries, however, do not have their judiciaries interfering with the legislative process and believe in the separation of powers but not in the checking of unlawful use of power. It is mainly in common law countries, where courts are obligated to judge according to ‘justice, equity and good conscience’, where the courts took it upon themselves to convert this maxim into reality. Constitutionality India is a constitutional democracy which believes in the rule of law. The Constitution of India is the basic framework which must be followed to prevent a collapse of law and order. The judiciary is often called ‘the guardian of the Constitution’. This gives the judiciary the power to interpret the Constitution in order to hold up its basic ideals. This power of interpretation is at theShow MoreRelatedJudicial Review : The Constitution1168 Words   |  5 PagesJudicial Review is the power of courts to determine whether or not actions by the government are valid. The courts adjudicate the constitutionality of the governmental actions under review to ensure their validity. Under judicial review, the government actions under consideration for validity are presidential orders and actions, as well as legislation by Congress. In other words, judicial review is a check on the executive and legislative branches of the government. Judicial review checks these governmentalRead MoreJudicial Review : The Supreme Court968 Words   |  4 PagesJudicial review is the idea that the actions of the executive and legislative branches of government are subject to review and possible invalidation by the judicial branch, most commonly the Supreme Court. It allows the Supreme Court to take an active role in ensuring that the other branches of government abide by the constitution, as they interpret the document. This process is paramount in protecting the validity of the Constitution as well as upholding the laws set forth by it as well. JudicialRead MoreJudicial Review And The Indian Courts2740 Words   |  11 PagesJUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE INDIAN COURTS Introduction Judicial Review is basically an aspect of judicial power of the state which is exercised by the courts to determine the validity of a rule of law or an action of any agency of the state. The courts have the power of testing the validity of legislative as well as other governmental action with reference to the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary tries to undo the harm that is being done by the legislature and executive and they also tryRead MoreJudicial Review and Judicial Supremacy: a Paradigm of Constitutionalism in Nigeria.15519 Words   |  63 PagesJUDICIAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL SUPREMACY: A PARADIGM OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN NIGERIA. By A.T.Shehu, PhD( ABSTRACT This paper examines judicial review and judicial power in Nigeria under the 1999 Constitution in relation to the constitution itself and in relation to the political branches of government. This is essentially to locate where lays supremacy between the branches and the judiciary particularly the Supreme Court with its final appellate jurisdiction. Judicial review and supremacy of theRead MoreJudicial Review : The United States1242 Words   |  5 Pagescase that they play a very big part in the public’s policy making. Judicial review is the primary role of the federal courts to discuss back and forth if a law is unconstitutional. Judicial review can also regulate the acts or behaviors that the Executive and Judicial carry out in legislation and the Courts may choose to declare those actions taken by the other branches or not those actions are unconstitutional or not. Judicial review is also the main source of power in the Supreme court s. It hasRead MoreJudicial Review And The Indian Courts1444 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Science Essay Monsoon Semester 2014 Submitted by- Pradyumna Soni 214048 JUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE INDIAN COURTS Introduction Judicial Review is basically an aspect of judicial power of the state which is exercised by the courts to determine the validity of a rule of law or an action of any agency of the state. The courts have the power of testing the validity of legislative as well as other governmental action with reference to the provisions of the constitution. TheRead MoreJudicial Review : The United States813 Words   |  4 PagesThe judicial review is the convention concealed by the executive and legislative activities which are liable for the judiciary to look over. Particular courts that have judicial review authority must repeal the demonstrations of the state. This happens when it discovers them inconsistent with a higher power. Judicial review is a case of the detachment of forces in a present day administrative framework. This rule is translated diversely in distinctive wards, so the method and extent of judicial reviewRead MoreJudicial Review : An Intrinsic Necessity1312 Words   |  6 Pages Submissions to the High Court Regarding Judicial review is an intrinsic necessity to the Australian Government and is a critical aspect in enforcing accountability of both the legislative and executive branches. Essentially, the actions of constituent legislative and executive branches are subject to review, regardless of these governmental counterparts holding authority exceeding that of the judiciary. In fact, a number of provisions for judicial review are upheld by the Australian ConstitutionRead More The case against Judicial Review Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Case Against Judicial Review In order to make a case against judicial review it is first important to understand the origins. Born in 1803 out of the landmark United States Supreme Court decision of Marbury V. Madison, judicial review gives the court the power to invalidate any law repugnant (or in conflict with) to the constitution. Judicial review has for the courts, become a self made license to strike down legitimately made legislation by democratically elected representativesRead MoreMarbury v. Madison: Judicial Review Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesMarbury v. Madison the power of judicial review was granted to the Supreme Court in 1801. The Constitution does not give power of judicial review. On Adams last day in office, several government officials upheld the case. Judicial review does not exist in countries that have a centralized or unitary form of government. The elected parliament declares it is the law of the land. Halsema Proposal to Netherlands has taken the initiative to start t he process of judicial review. President John Adams

Critical Study of Open Adoption and the Symptoms of Adoption Free Essays

string(26) " and their adopted child\." Introduction For much of the 20th century adoption were generally closed and confidential in nature. They were secrecy. It means since birthmother signed relinquishment papers, she would never see her child again and typically would never know about the future of this child. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of Open Adoption and the Symptoms of Adoption or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secrecy adoptions were phenomenon which occurred in the mid 1800s and were at its peak in the early 1900s. Confidential adoptions were primarily designed to rescue the children of unmarried woman. Secrecy about adoption was also encouraged by societal attitude about sexuality – people excluded from society unmarried pregnant women and their child. These closed and secretive practices were developed to protect all three parties of the adoption triad (birth parents, adoptive parents and children). Confidential adoptions were thought to ensure birth parents’ right to privacy and at the same time it lets protect unwed birth mothers from the stigma of â€Å"illegitimacy†. These practices also protected adopted children from social ridicule and adoptive parents from the humiliation of their infertility (Xiaojia Ge, 2008). It was also assumed that birthmother wanted to maintain anonymity and forget that she had ever given birth to the chid. People also believed that confidential approach facilitate relinquishment of the child (emotionally and legally). From the beginning of 1940s, social workers in every state (USA) convinced legislators to pass laws which were preventing adult adoptees and their birthparents from learning about each others. For decades birthmothers, adoptees and adoptive parents were protected from the stigmas of illegitimacy, unwed motherhood and infertility by stressing secrecy, anonymity and confidentiality in adoption process. With the civil rights movement of 1960s, secrecy become a synonym of discrimination. In courts some adopted children maintained that their civil rights had been violated, because they had no access to information which another people had about them. Since these time also contraception and abortion become more available – marriage were no longer viewed as an essential prerequisite for a respectable pregnancy. Today children rights to know their identity is assured by international and national lows. This right is assured for example in Convention on the Rights of the Child. The convention was adopted and opened for signature on 20 of November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of Declaration of the Rights of the Child). It came into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations. As of November 2009, 194 countries have ratified it. It means all this 194 countries are obligated by international low to assure children right to know their origins. According to the article 7 of convention: child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and. as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents. It took long time to accept and create the low which can assure this right. There has been gradual change in societal practices and views around parenting since the 1970s. Since these time female-headed households and pregnancy without marriage had become more and more accepted. Also tracing one’s genealogical roots and ethnic heritage had gained acceptance. At this time more and more adoptees and birthparents returned to adoption agencies seeking additional background information. It was shown that adult adoptees had suffered a lot because they had no access to information about their origins and identities. Adoptees expressed their pain which appeared as a result of living in lie. The changes were causes also by birthparents. They expressed that they did not forget about the children they had placed for adoption. They also always wondered if those children were alive, well, or knew they were adopted. They said that secrecy in adoption process made their loss more complex and difficult. Another cause for changes come from adoptive parents. They expressed their frustration and feeling of helpless over their inability to help children connect with biological parents and impossibility to say their child about his/her heritage. All these different voices and desires bring changes in adoption process. Nowadays we see that frequency of open adoption increases. Open adoptions becoming norm as stigma surrounding unwed births diminished and non-martial parenthood become more and more accepted. Openness in any adoption should be based upon mutual agreement between birthparents, adoptive parents, adoption agency and the adopted child, if age is appropriate. Nowadays it is quite common for birth and adoptive families to have some degree of postplacement contact with one another. Open adoption, in contrast to closed, is characterized by contact and communication between birth and adoptive parents. We cannot, however, share adoption exclusively on open and close. The degree of openness varies widely. Some adoption have minimal openness, for example, the two sets of parents never meet or talk with each other, share last names, but before the birth they exchange letters and photographs through adoption agencies. Other adoption can be much more open, for example before placement the two sets of parents meet, exchange complete names and addresses. Sometimes they go together to the doctor, gynecologist during the pregnancy, or even they live with each other. They can continue contact through adoptees’ childhood. Of course between these two examples of contact, there exist many another variables and the number of permutations is limitless. In essence, open adoption mean exchange of information before or/and after placement, either by letters (with or without photographs), telephone calls, or in face-to-face meetings. In the case of open adoption (as in the case of close adoption) birthparents need legally relinquish all parental claims and rights to the child. The adoptive parents are the legal parents. There is no one and clear opinion about what is better: open or close adoption. Both of them have some advantages and disadvantage. For example opponents of open adoption say that continued contact between the adopted child and birth parents impedes the attachment and creating family ties between adoptive parents and their adopted child. You read "Critical Study of Open Adoption and the Symptoms of Adoption" in category "Essay examples" It means that open adoption can bring destructive relationships and loyalty conflicts for adoptive family. In case of open adoption birthparents can intrude on the adoptive family and disturb their equilibrium. It can also cause the adoptee’s uncertainty about their identity. In the case of open adoption, adoptive parents can feel also less in control and less secure in their parental role. It can happen also that adoptive parents feel need to distance from birthmother’s pain, loos and regrets which they live together in case of open adoption. On the other hand birthparents don’t want to hurt birth mother more, to stop or limited their contact. One of the question which occurs in case of open adoption is: how to set limits on frequency and type of postplacement contact without hurting feelings of birthparents. Another disadvantages mentioned by adoptive parents is pressure which is put on them. It is the pressure to be the perfect parent when members of birthfamily are around. Adoptive parents are also afraid about the influence of birthparents on adoptee. They are nervous that child can identify more with birth parents and they background than with his or her â€Å"new family†. Why they are afraid about thatMost of the birthparents of adoptee come from lower social class, they have low education level. Adoptive parents simply do not want their child fallow this way. Among opinions against open adoption we can also hear that open adoption interfere with the grieving process that is essential for the mental health of the birth mother by not allowing her to experience a finality of the separation and a full mourning experience. On the other hand some researches show that open adoption may help facilitate healthy adjustment to grief and loss. It means: relationship which develop between birthmothers and adoptive families in open adoption mediate the experience of grief. It occurs also thanks to well-being of the child from whom the birthmothers made an adoption plan, facilitated their coping with grief. Grief is defined as the range of feelings, behaviours and thoughts which can occur as a response to a loss. The reaction, responses are different. Everyone can live this time in different way. To the responses on loss we can include: anger, crying, withdrawal, guilt, sadness, anxiety or numbness. Birthmother’s feeling of loss should be viewed as healthy and appropriate, regardless of which of the feelings associate this time. Resolution of these feelings results in the birthmother forming a new, integral identity in which the past is not denied. Some researches shown that close adoption means: prolonged feelings of loos and continued mourning, depression, somatic symptoms, restless anxiety, anger and often intense attachment to and over protection of children subsequently born to and raised by birthmothers after the placement. Some researches reported even psychological impairment of mothers who didn’t receive appropriate support after adoption (Cinda L. Christian et al, 1997). Study made by Cinda L. Christian and others (1997) support the opinion that fully disclosed adoption lets better cope with grief. In this study researchers examined grief resolution. Indicators of unresolved grief including: crying during interview, denying or repressing the past, expressions of guilt or regret, depression, dissatisfaction with the placement, desire to reclaim the child, continuing nightmares about the child, and inability to move beyond the placement decision. Indicators of good resolution included among others: positive, optimistic opinions about decision, acceptance of the decision, ability to separate self from the placed child, demonstration of empathy for the child and adoptive family, ability to move beyond the placement decision and to express satisfaction from current life. The results of this study shown that 4 to 12 years after placing child, birthmothers who have ongoing contact with the adoptive family either ongoing mediated or fully disclosed adoption shown better resolution of grief than birthmothers whose contact has stopped (in time-limited mediated adoptions). Moreover birthmothers in open adoption had significantly better grief resolution than those in confidential adoptions. This studies shown that 30% of birthmothers in close adoption, 38% in time-limited mediated adoption, 10% in ongoing mediated and 11% in fully disclosed adoption had very poor grief resolution. This results show that within each type of adoption, regardless of the time since adoption, there were birthmothers who were still experiencing problems with grief resolution, as well as, there were birthmothers who had resolved their grief issues. These findings mean that here is no one good way of placement child to another family. Birthmothers with ongoing contact with adoptive parents have better grief resolution, they are much more reassured of their child’s well-being, and feel they had made the right decision. Some of birthmothers with ongoing mediated contact reported feeling ambivalent upon receiving pictures of their child. Even though they are pleased that they have opportunity to receive updated information. Having first-hand knowledge and an opportunity to acknowledge the adoption placement through actual observation and conversation about the adoption may have led to better grief resolutions for many birthmothers. Trusting and secure relationship with the adoptive family (through direct or indirect contact) may lead some birthmothers to the gradual acceptance of the adoptive parents entitlement to the child. This situation allows also to the birthmothers to develop positive feelings about their own role with the adoptive child. There was one another factor which influence grief resolution of birthmothers – current relationship with birthfather. This factor occurred regardless of openness level. Birthmothers who were still in relationship with birthfathers were at greater risk for prolonged grieving. It is difficult for these birthmothers to stay with birthfathers after having chosen to place their child for adoption – these birthmothers may feel exaggerated guilt and blame regarding the choices they have made. Another factor which influence grieving is religion interpretation and giving birth to another child. It means accurately inability to have a child after placement one for adoption. These two factors sometimes trigger past losses and rekindle old feelings of helplessness, regret, or anger associated with placement. To sum up the results of this study: there is no one option which is the best for everyone. Some of birthmothers can feel better with fully disclosed adoption and another with confidential adoption. Another argument which support open adoption is that for a birth mothers openness in adoption allows her a more active role in the child’s future. Thanks to possibility to choose open adoption, birth mother can be assured she will receive information about child-well being. Another issue related to satisfaction from adoption process is parent’s feelings toward close and open adoption. In study made by Siegel (Siegel, 1993) respondents were asked, â€Å"Why, if any, were your initial fears, anxieties, and concerns about the adoption being open?† Most of the parents who took part in this study answered that they felt some fear on the beginning. Many of them were reluctant to deal with the pain of birth mother. Some of these adoptive parents were afraid also that that the birth mothers would want their babes back, even that babies could be kidnapped after adoption. Parents expressed also that open adoption on the beginning seemed to them weird, uncomfortable or awkward. Some adoptive parents were worried also they can be rejected by birthmothers. One adoptive mother said: A year or so ago, the idea of birth mother were so threatening to me. It was just so terrible obstacle between me and getting baby. At that point, I didn’t want to deal with birthmother at all. I wanted my own baby. And if I couldn’t have that, I wanted the closest thing I could get to it. On the other hand the proponent of open adoption suggest that adoptive parents in open adoption benefit significantly from information about birth parents through ongoing process with them. In case of open adoption, adoptive parents can comparatively easy gain knowledge about their adopted child’s medical and mental health histories, ethnic and cultural background, and reasons for adoption. Open adoption lets parents to feel more sure about this knowledge (it is better for parents to ask all questions, to gain knowledge about the child by their own than from intermediary person). All this information can have significant influence on rearing process of the adopted child. Adoptive parents can gain also â€Å"troubling† information, for example, about lack of parental care or birthparents alcoholism, substance abuse, or genetic risk factor. This kind of information are, in truth, difficult but for adoptive parents it is better to know all of them. Thanks to these informat ion, adoptive parents can know what to expect and they can be prepare for some difficulties, troubles which may occur in the future. In this view open adoption helps adoptive parents feel more, rather than less, secure in their parental role. Adoptive parents feel that birth parents can give them important information about child and it makes adoptive parents more competent. Adoptive parents can feel also they received explicit consent to parent child from his or her birth parents. Some parents mention also the need to know that birthmother had chosen adoption freely and willingly. This knowledge diminish adoptive parents guilt about having someone else child and alleviated fears that the birthmother would come in the future and demand her rights to the child. What is also important for adoptive parents – it is the need to know that birth parents felt good about the decision which they undertook. Otherwise adoptive parents could have moral doubts and wonder if birthparents think adoption had been mistake and they regret it. Some parents in the Siegel study (Siegel, 1993) mentioned also that they felt more pleasure at knowing that the birthparents would welcome the children according to the belief that the more people love their child, the better. Openness in adoption has advantages also for children. Information about birthparents are much more accessible to the children. Thanks to that, they can decide if they want to search birthparents later in life. Adoptive parents who know last names and addresses of birthparents, feel more helpful for their adoptee. They can freely hand over this information to their children. Children can have also more adequate information about their biological heritage and about the reasons for adoption. Open adoption is perceived also as good for birth parents. First of all some people mention that it is more human and compassionate to enable the birthparents to choose the children’s family. Open adoption helps also to mitigate birth mothers’ feelings of pain and loss, which in turn resulting in less destructive behaviour and greater emotional-well being. Thanks to the direct contact which birth mothers have with adoptive parents, they can feel assured of their child’s well-being and welfare. Adoptive mothers can see their child is in safe and caring home. This knowledge is really helpful for birthmothers and their well-being. In contrast in the case of close adoption, birth mother often feel isolated, have unresolved feelings of guilt and self-blame. They feel also uncertain of the well-being of the child. Meanwhile greater certainty of the child’s well-being not only may alleviate the birth mother’s grief but even may contribute to her sense of p ride regarding the decision. Opponents of the close adoption mention that this kind of adoption is a way to punish woman for being sexually active. It can be difficult to examine the effects of openness and closeness in adoption on birth parents, adoptive parents or children. One of the reason to give clear answer on this question is that this effects may very depending on how long ago the placement occurred. So the length of time since placement may very well be a confounding factor. In the study of Xiaojia Ge and others, researches using 323 matched parties of birth mothers and adoptive parents, examined the association between the degree of adoption openness (e.g. contact and knowledge between parties) and birth and adoptive parents postadoption adjustment shortly after the adoption placement (6 to 9 months). A unique future of this studies was the inclusion of birth fathers (112 birth fathers took part in these researches). The results of this study shown that for adoptive parents and birth mothers the degree of openness in the adoption was significantly and positively associated with satisfaction with the adoption process shortly after the adoptive placement. Increased openness was also significantly related to the better postplacement adjustment of birth mothers. This finding was also further strengthen by interviewers’ reports of their impression of birth mothers’ well-being. This study shown also that levels of choice or control birth fathers had in determining the degree of openness was positively associated with birth fathers’ satisfaction toward the adoption experience. There are opinion that children benefit most from openness in adoption. Proponents of open adoption list many benefits for children. One of the arguments concern child’s identity. Adopted children need to integrate the facts surrounding their birth into their identity. Formation of identity can be more complex for adopted adolescences because of the existence of many unknowns. There is many information which adopted children desire and which are unrecognized by most of the people who have automatic access to such information. For example, knowing about one’s medical background, where one’s red hair came from, who else in family was an artistic. Access to this kind of information is underestimates but it is very important to everyone and is perceived as our basic need. Denying adopted children this information is seen by some as violation of basic human rights. It can lead to an array of emotional and identity problems. Openness in adoption can assure children access to this kind of information. Many children desire to have contact with birthparents. This contact can facilitate identity development and satisfaction with the adoption experience. Proponents of open adoption show that close adoption gives rise to more fantasies about the biological family which can be reason for some emotional problems. Jerica M. Berge et al (2006) made study about adolescents’ feelings about openness in adoption. They examined adolescents’ satisfaction from having or not having contact with birthmothers. Their findings support the idea of open adoption. We can share adolescences which took part in this study on four groups: Adolescents who were satisfied with the contact they were having with their birthmothers; Adolescents who were not satisfied with the contact they were having with their birthmothers; Adolescents who were satisfied with not having contact with their birthmothers; Adolescents who were not satisfied because there was no contact occurring with their birthmothers. First group were the largest. There were 56 adolescents who were satisfied with the contact they were having with their birthmothers. These adolescents had very positive feelings about their birthmothers. When they were talking about their birthmothers they often used terms like: â€Å"thinks she is great woman†, â€Å"like our relationship†, â€Å"love her†, â€Å"friend†. These young people emphasis especially friendship which connected them with their birthmothers. They told that birthmother have different role than adoptive parents. Birthmother was viewed like another person who love them, friend but not as a person who fill parental role. Positive relationship with birthmothers give them extra support and it was something which adolescents appreciated a lot. These adolescents mentioned that birthmother is very important to them. Another aspect mentioned by adolescents was â€Å"identity formation†. Relationship with birthmothers allowed them to ask question why they look the way they do. For adolescents knowing how they were similar in personality traits to their birthmothers is very important. It helps them to make sense of who they are. Adolescents who were satisfied with the contact they had with birthmother expressed also desire to meet other members of family, for example: siblings, birthfather, grandparents. Another group of young people included adolescents who were not satisfied with the contact they were having with their birthmothers. There were 20 adolescents who expressed they were not satisfied with this contact but at the same time only three of them wanted contact to stop. One of the reason why they were not satisfied with the contact they had with birthmothers was desire for more contact or a different intensity level of contact. It happens in situation when adolescents had, for example contact with their birthmother by email and they wished to meet them face-to-face. Another example was an adolescent who had mediated contact with birthmothers through the adoption agency and wished to talk with her by phone, but couldn’t arrange it. These adolescents desire also to have more deep contact with their mother. Adoptees who had not satisfying contact with birthmother felt gratitude towards them for what she had done for them. It means that this adolescents were thankful to their birthmothers for placing them to adoption. In point of view of these young people , their birthmothers care a lot about them and found better lives for them. So adoption was viewed as an act of selfless love. Adolescents who were satisfied with not having contact with their birthmothers. To this group belong 21 adolescents. In the opinion of these young people, adoption didn’t have much impact on them personally. For these adolescents adoption was just abstract concept not something what connect to them personally. These adolescents felt also â€Å"lucky†, they have better life thanks to adoption but at the same time they didn’t feel any gratitude towards birthmother for placing them to adoption. These adolescences simply did not feel that contact with birthmother is something what they need or want. They expressed also they could feel uncomfortable with having to face information about their adoption. Some of adolescents express also that such contact would be negative experience for them. They were simply afraid about it. Also that they could hurt adoptive parents by meeting birthmothers. The last group of young people who took part in this study belong to group of adolescents who were not satisfied because there was no contact occurring with their birthmothers. There were 26 adolescents belonging to this group. These adolescents express negative affect towards birthmothers. Among their feelings there was: anger, sadness, they were disappointed and hurt. These adolescents felt so bad because their birthmother did not make effort to contact them. Some of them wonder if their birthmother is healthy, fine. These young people express desire to contact their birthmother. Many of these adoptees mentioned wanting medical information and to know similarities – both in physique and personality – that they had with their birthmothers. This information could help them to answer questions who they are, why they are like they do and why they were placed. Many of adolescents in this group did not desire to have contact with their birthmother. Some of them made some efforts to contact them but there were not successful (for example they wrote letter to birthmother but never send it). They were also thinking their adoptive parents would not like the idea to have contact with birthmother. Findings of these study shown that searching of the birthparents, having contact with them do not change adoptees feelings towards their adoptive parents. These adolescents do not love their adoptive parents less. They rather viewed relationship with birthmother as a separate type of supportive contact. These results challenge also belief that when birthmother has a contact with her child she will reclaim the adopted child and her rights to his or her. None of the adolescents in this study who had contact with birthmother reported that she ever tried or even mention of trying to reclaim them. To sum up there is a lot of advantages and disadvantages of openness in adoption. However, many of doubts, disadvantages do not find confirmation in the recent studies. These researches showed us that all three parties of adoption triad can benefit significantly from openness in adoption. At the same time we can find people who are not satisfied from the contact which they have with each other. It shows me there is no one and good solution – everyone is different and have different needs and adoption agencies need to answer on these needs. Adoption always will be difficult process and in my opinion all actors of this process need to receive very good support from professionals, like from psychologist or social worker regardless of type of adoption. Satisfaction from openness in adoption process depend largely on the contact which children and adoptive parents have with birthparents. If they are satisfied from this contact they will be satisfied also they choose open adoption. References: Berge, J.M., Mendenhall, T.J., Wrobel G.M., Grotevant H.D., McRoy R.G. (2006) Adolescents’ Feelings about Openness in Adoption: Implications for Adoption Agencies. Child Welfare, 85, 1011 – 1038 Christian. C.L., McRoy, R.G., Grotevant, H.D., Brytan, C.M. (1997) Grief Resolution of Birthmothers in Confidential, Time-Limited Mediated, Ongoing Mediated, and Fully Disclosed Adoptions. Adoption Quartely, 1: 2, 35 – 38. Siegel, D.H. (1993) Open Adoption of Infants: Adoptive Parents’ Perception of Advantages and Disadvantages. Social Work, 38(1), 15 – 23. Xiaojia Ge., Natsuaki, M.N., Martin, D.M., Neiderhiser, J.M., Villareal, G., Reid, J.B., Leve, L.D., Shaw. D.S., Scaramella, L., Reiss, D. (2008) Bridging the Divide: Openness in Adoption and Postadoption Psychosocial Adjustment Among Birth and Adoptive Parents. Jurnal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 529 – 540. Convention of the Right of the Child How to cite Critical Study of Open Adoption and the Symptoms of Adoption, Essay examples

How the American Revolution Got Started free essay sample

American Revolution The events that took place before the American Revolution affected history In such a way giving the British and colonists the need to have a Revolution. The French and Indian war Is the name for the war that took place between Great Britain and France In North America from 1754 to 1763. The aftermath of this war was a big part leading up to the American Revolution. The war changed economic, political, and social relations between the three European powers (Britain, France, and Spain) their colonies and colonists, and the natives that occupied the territories they demanded. The war finally ended with the signing of the treaty of Paris in 1763. France and Britain suffered financially because of the war. The stamp act came along in 1765, this was a direct tax imposed by the British parliament on the colonies. The act required that almost all printed materials must be produced on stamped paper. We will write a custom essay sample on How the American Revolution Got Started or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This consisted of legal documents, magazines, newspapers etc. The purpose of this tax was to pay for troops stationed in North America after the British Victory in the seven ears war.The stamp Act congress was a meeting of representatives from the thirteen colonies. They discussed and acted upon the stamp act that was passed by the governing parliament of Great Britain, and did not Include any representatives from the colonies. The congress then put together the declaration of the stamp act congress, which was fourteen points of colonial protest. They issued it to the king and parliament in hopes of repealing the stamp act. The acts were a series of laws passed beginning in 1 767 by the Great Britain parliament in relation to theBritish colonies in North America, The acts being named after Charles who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Overall this was an internal tax on economic activity within a single colony; wanted the external taxes which was an economic activity that goes through a colony and Into other parts of the country. Such as paint, glass, tea etc. He thought we should use the money to pay the colonial governor, other parliaments and the kings salaries. Another event was the Boston massacre, an Incident that happened In March of 1770.It started out as a street fight, the being mad at the British for taxing everything and ended In Britain redcoats killing five civilians. This caused a lot rebellion in the British American colonies leading us towards the American Revolution. Five years later Shots were heard around the world. Paul Revere on April yelled out the British regulars are coming! The first shot was fired by the British in , and then they went to Concord. Then our militia stopped them and turned them back to Boston.This was the start of the revolution, minute men were ready to stand in a minutes warning. The colonists were not going to stand for the British taking over their land and taxing them on all of their goods, so they fought for their rights. US constitution There were proposals at the Philadelphia constitution convention In 1787. These proposals were the plan, and the new Jersey plan that people did not like. The US constitution was ratified after the Great compromise came into effect. Government (tax, raising an army, regulated trade, and supreme laws).Another was the separation of powers between legislative and executive. Also there would be two houses of congress, the senate and the House of Representatives. The states would be able to choose their US senators. Lastly there was the slavery 315 the compromise meaning a slave counts as 3/5 of a person. When the U. S. Constitution was presented to the states, many people chose to be either Federalists or Anti- Federalists. Virginia and many other states were against the Constitution because there was no bill of rights included in it.James Madison was known as the Father of the Constitution, and he and Alexander Hamilton were two Federalists who supported the Constitution and explicated it in the Federalist papers (1788). On the other side George Mason, an Anti-Federalist, opposed the Constitution. Federalist dames Madison) wanted a stronger government and argued to ratify the constitution. The US constitution will control factions which is a group of people with a common interest and economic seek to control government for own benefit. 1 . ) Also the bigger the better in a national government, multiple factions will cancel one another out. . ) WE will choose the best among us to govern for the common good republicanism) Anti Federalists opposed to ratifying the constitution Patrick Henry thought things were okay before the Philadelphia convention and we were at peace. He also thought a large government would have to resort to tyranny to control everything meaning a loss of individual rights. He thought we should have lumped the states into a consolidated government. Samuel Brian thought governing over such a large area would be unable to address local concerns. Richard Henry lee didnt know it would be such a huge change.